Had an issue where a user updated their password and a day after doing so Outlook and Teams would not longer connect. Deleting the Outlook profile and trying to setup fresh would give the generic error "Something went wrong" and Teams gave the error "exceeded retry attempts"
Going through may troubleshooting steps of deleting browser cache, temp files, Outlook and Teams folders from appdata local and roaming, clearing DNS, confirming Outlook and Teams work on the web, etc. Nothing worked... No other users having issues, but we have a complex environment of VPN, AV, advanced auth with Okta, local firewalls and enterprise firewall.
Next step I logged in with a separate Windows Account and that profile worked just fine! Something was corrupt in the local profile! Over an hour of troubleshooting later and that fixed it.
To preserve user data I renamed the C:\users\<profile> to <profile>_bad and deleted the localprofile key from registry.